The Civil War citadel of Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863. On that day, Confedearte regiments marched out one at a time and stacked their arms. Of that occasion, General Grant's telegraph operator, Samuel Beckwith wrote, "The trampling of myriads of feet had stirred up a fine, yellow clay dust that coated our garments and filled our eyes and ears and nostrils until it was almost unberable." Like the union soldiers, this dust had origins far to the north of the Vicksburg hills.